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Infertility affects around 15% of couples globally, and in approximately 50% of cases, male factor infertility plays a significant role. Male infertility is defined as the inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female partner after at least one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. It can result from low sperm production, abnormal sperm function, or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm.
Understanding the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options available for male infertility is crucial in guiding couples toward the best course of action. This article provides a thorough overview of male infertility treatment, covering the medical, surgical, and lifestyle interventions available to improve fertility outcomes. There are multiple potential causes of male infertility, which can be broadly categorized into pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular factors.
Low sperm count or poor sperm motility
Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum)
Hormonal imbalances (low testosterone, FSH, LH)
Erectile dysfunction or ejaculation issues
Genetic disorders
Lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol, obesity, stress)
Infections and STDs
Blockages in the reproductive tract
Semen analysis
Hormone testing
Scrotal ultrasound
Genetic testing
Testicular biopsy (in some cases)
Hormone Therapy: To balance hormone levels (e.g., for hypogonadism).
Antibiotics: If infections are contributing to infertility.
Medication for Sexual Function: To treat ED or ejaculation problems.
Varicocelectomy: Surgery to repair varicocele.
Vasectomy Reversal: Restores fertility in men who had a vasectomy.
Sperm Retrieval Procedures: TESA, TESE, or PESA for assisted reproduction.
IUI (Intrauterine Insemination): Sperm is placed directly in the uterus.
IVF (In Vitro Fertilization): Sperm fertilizes the egg in a lab setting.
ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): A single sperm is injected into an egg — ideal for low sperm count or motility.
Nutritional supplements (zinc, folic acid, antioxidants)
Weight management and exercise
Reducing alcohol, tobacco, and stress
Counseling and support for emotional well-being
